4. Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300 – 1300 BCE):
Thriving along the Indus River’s banks, this historic South Asian civilization excelled in intricate urban design and established extensive trade networks.
Despite its flourishing achievements, the civilization mysteriously vanished, leaving behind perplexing remnants. Characterized by advanced city planning, the society boasted a remarkable knowledge of hydraulics and sanitation systems.
However, the reasons for its disappearance remain elusive, sparking debates among historians. Some theories propose environmental changes, while others suggest factors like invasions or internal strife. The enigmatic ruins of this once-prosperous civilization continue to intrigue scholars, serving as a testament to its intriguing rise and enigmatic fall.